Basic Principles and Terminology of Batteries （2）

Basic Principles and Terminology of Batteries （2）

44. What certifications have the company's products passed?

Has passed ISO9001:2000 quality system certification and ISO14001:2004 environmental protection system certification; The product has obtained EU CE certification and North American UL certification, passed SGS environmental testing, and has obtained patent license from Ovonic; At the same time, the company's products have been insured globally by PICC.

45. What are the precautions when using batteries?

01) Before use, please read the battery manual carefully;
02) Electrical and battery contacts should be clean, wiped clean with a damp cloth if necessary, and installed according to the polarity label after drying;
03) Do not mix old and new batteries, and batteries of the same model but different types should not be mixed to avoid reducing usage efficiency;
04) It is not possible to regenerate disposable batteries through heating or charging methods;
05) Do not short-circuit the battery;
06) Do not disassemble and heat the battery, or throw the battery into water;
07) When electrical appliances are not in use for a long time, the battery should be removed and the switch should be cut off after use;
08) Do not dispose of waste batteries randomly, and try to separate them from other garbage as much as possible to avoid polluting the environment;
09) Do not allow children to replace batteries without adult supervision. Small batteries should be kept out of reach of children;
10) Batteries should be stored in a cool, dry, and direct sunlight free area

46. What are the differences between commonly used rechargeable batteries?

At present, nickel cadmium, nickel hydrogen, and lithium-ion rechargeable batteries are widely used in various portable electrical devices (such as laptops, cameras, and mobile phones), and each type of rechargeable battery has its own unique chemical properties. The main difference between nickel cadmium and nickel hydrogen batteries is that nickel hydrogen batteries have a relatively high energy density. Compared with the same type of battery, nickel hydrogen batteries have twice the capacity as nickel cadmium batteries. This means that using nickel hydrogen batteries can greatly extend the working time of the equipment without adding extra weight to the electrical equipment. Another advantage of nickel hydrogen batteries is that; A greatly reduces the "memory effect" problem in cadmium batteries, making nickel hydrogen batteries more convenient to use. Nickel hydrogen batteries are more environmentally friendly than nickel cadmium batteries because they do not contain toxic heavy metal elements inside. Li ion has also quickly become the standard power supply for portable devices. Li ion can provide the same energy as nickel hydrogen batteries, but can reduce weight by about 35%, which is crucial for electrical devices such as cameras and laptops. The fact that Li ion has no "memory effect" and no toxic substances is also an important factor that makes it a standard power source.

The discharge efficiency of nickel hydrogen batteries will significantly decrease at low temperatures. Generally, the charging efficiency will increase with the increase of temperature. However, when the temperature rises to above 45 ℃, the performance of the charging battery material will deteriorate at high temperatures, and the cycle life of the battery will be greatly shortened.

47. What is the rate discharge of a battery? What is the hourly discharge rate of a battery?

Rate discharge refers to the rate relationship between the discharge current (A) and the rated capacity (A • h) during discharge. Hourly rate discharge refers to the number of hours required to discharge the rated capacity at a certain output current.

48. Why is it necessary to insulate the battery during winter shooting?

Due to the fact that the battery in a digital camera greatly reduces the activity of active substances when the temperature is too low, it may not be able to provide the normal working current of the camera. Therefore, when shooting outdoors in areas with low temperatures, it is particularly important to pay attention to the warmth of the camera or battery.

49. What is the operating temperature range of lithium-ion batteries?

Charging -10-45 ℃ Discharge -30-55 ℃

50. Can batteries of different capacities be combined together?

If different capacities or old and new batteries are mixed together for use, there is a possibility of leakage, zero voltage, and other phenomena. This is because during the charging process, the difference in capacity causes some batteries to be overcharged, some batteries to not be fully charged, and high capacity batteries to not be fully discharged during discharge, while low capacity batteries to be over discharged. This vicious cycle can cause damage to the batteries, resulting in leakage or low (zero) voltage.

51. What is an external short circuit and how does it affect battery performance?

Connecting the outer ends of a battery to any conductor can cause an external short circuit, and different types of batteries may have different severity consequences due to short circuits. For example, the temperature of the electrolyte increases, the internal pressure increases, and so on. If the pressure value exceeds the pressure resistance value of the battery cap, the battery will leak liquid. This situation seriously damages the battery. If the safety valve fails, it may even cause an explosion. Therefore, do not short-circuit the battery externally.

52. What are the main factors that affect the battery life?

01) Charging:

When choosing a charger, it is best to use a charger that has the correct charging termination device (such as an anti overcharging time device, negative voltage difference (- dV) cut-off charging, and anti overheating induction device) to avoid shortening the battery's service life due to overcharging. Generally speaking, slow charging can prolong the battery life more than fast charging.

02) Discharge:

a. The depth of discharge is the main factor affecting the battery life, and the higher the depth of discharge, the shorter the battery life. In other words, as long as the discharge depth is reduced, the service life of the battery can be significantly extended. Therefore, we should avoid over discharging the battery to an extremely low voltage.

b. When the battery is discharged at high temperatures, it will shorten its service life.

c. If the designed electronic device cannot completely stop all current, and if the device is left unused for a long time without removing the battery, the residual current may sometimes cause excessive consumption of the battery, resulting in over discharge of the battery.

d. When batteries with different capacities, chemical structures, or charging levels, as well as new and old batteries, are mixed together, it can also cause excessive discharge of the battery and even cause reverse polarity charging.

03) Storage:
If the battery is stored at high temperatures for a long time, it will cause the electrode activity to decay and shorten its service life.

53. Can the battery be stored in the appliance after use or if it is not used for a long time?

If the electrical appliance is no longer used for a long period of time, it is best to remove the battery and place it in a low-temperature and dry place. If this is not the case, even if the electrical appliance is turned off, the system will still have a low current output of the battery, which will shorten its service life.

54. Under what conditions is it better to store batteries? Do batteries need to be fully charged for long-term storage?

According to IEC standards, batteries should be stored at a temperature of 20 ℃± 5 ℃ and a humidity of (65 ± 20)%. Generally speaking, the higher the storage temperature of a battery, the lower the residual capacity, and vice versa. The best place to store a battery is when the refrigerator temperature is between 0 ℃ -10 ℃, especially for primary batteries. Even if the secondary battery loses capacity after storage, it can be restored by recharging and discharging it several times.

In theory, there is always energy loss during battery storage. The inherent electrochemical structure of the battery itself determines the inevitable loss of battery capacity, mainly due to self discharge. The size of self discharge is usually related to the solubility of the positive electrode material in the electrolyte and its instability after heating (easy self decomposition). The self discharge of rechargeable batteries is much higher than that of primary batteries.

If you want to store the battery for a long time, it is best to store it in a dry and low-temperature environment with a remaining battery charge of around 40%. Of course, it is best to take out the battery and use it once a month to ensure its good storage condition and avoid damaging the battery due to complete battery loss.

55. What is a standard battery?

A battery that is internationally recognized as a potential measurement standard. It was invented by American electrical engineer E. Weston in 1892, hence it is also known as Weston battery.

The positive electrode of the standard battery is Mercury(I) sulfate electrode, the negative electrode is cadmium amalgam metal (containing 10% or 12.5% cadmium), and the electrolyte is acidic saturated Cadmium sulfate aqueous solution, which is actually saturated Cadmium sulfate and Mercury(I) sulfate aqueous solution.

56. What are the possible reasons for zero or low voltage in a single battery?

01) External short circuit, overcharging, reverse charging (forced over discharge) of the battery;

02) The battery is continuously overcharged due to high magnification and high current, resulting in the expansion of the battery core and direct contact short circuit between the positive and negative poles;

03) Internal short circuit or micro short circuit of the battery, such as improper placement of positive and negative electrode plates causing electrode contact short circuit, or positive electrode plate contact.

57. What are the possible reasons for zero or low voltage in battery packs?

01) Whether a single battery has zero voltage;
02) Short circuit, open circuit, and poor connection to the plug;
03) Lead wire and battery are detached or poorly soldered;
04) Internal connection error of the battery, such as solder leakage, faulty soldering, or detachment between the connecting piece and the battery;
05) The internal electronic components of the battery are not connected correctly or damaged.

58. What are the control methods to prevent battery overcharging?

In order to prevent overcharging of the battery, it is necessary to control the charging endpoint. When the battery is fully charged, there are some special information that can be used to determine whether the charging has reached the endpoint. There are generally six methods to prevent the battery from being overcharged:
01) Peak voltage control: Determine the charging endpoint by detecting the peak voltage of the battery;
02) dT/dt control: Determine the charging endpoint by detecting the rate of change in battery peak temperature;
03) △ T control: When the battery is fully charged, the difference between temperature and ambient temperature will reach its maximum;
04) - △ V control: When the battery is fully charged and reaches a peak voltage, the voltage will decrease by a certain value;
05) Timing control: Control the charging endpoint by setting a certain charging time, generally setting the time required to charge 130% of the nominal capacity to control;

59. What are the possible reasons why batteries and battery packs cannot be charged?
01) Zero voltage battery or zero voltage battery in the battery pack;
02) Battery pack connection error, internal electronic components, and abnormal protection circuit;
03) Charging equipment malfunction with no output current;
04) External factors lead to low charging efficiency (such as extremely low or extremely high temperatures).

60. What are the possible reasons why batteries and battery packs cannot discharge?
01) The battery life decreases after storage and use;
02) Insufficient or no charging;
03) The ambient temperature is too low;
04) Low discharge efficiency, such as when discharging at high current, ordinary batteries cannot discharge due to a sharp drop in voltage due to the inability of the internal material diffusion speed to keep up with the reaction speed.

61. What are the possible reasons for the short discharge time of batteries and battery packs?
01) The battery is not fully charged, such as insufficient charging time and low charging efficiency;
02) Excessive discharge current reduces discharge efficiency and shortens discharge time;
03) When the battery is discharged, the environmental temperature is too low and the discharge efficiency decreases;

62. What is overcharging and how does it affect battery performance?
Overcharging refers to the behavior of a battery that is fully charged after a certain charging process, and then continues to charge. For Ni-MH batteries, overcharging produces the following reactions:
Positive electrode: 4OH -4e → 2H2O+O2 ↑; ①
Negative electrode: 2H2+O2 → 2H2O ②
Due to the fact that the capacity of the negative electrode is higher than that of the positive electrode during design, the oxygen generated by the positive electrode is compounded with the hydrogen generated by the negative electrode through a diaphragm paper. Therefore, in general, the internal pressure of the battery will not increase significantly. However, if the charging current is too large or the charging time is too long, the generated oxygen will not be consumed in time, which may cause an increase in internal pressure, deformation of the battery, leakage, and other adverse phenomena. At the same time, its electrical performance will also significantly decrease.

63. What is over discharge and how does it affect battery performance?

After the internal storage of the battery is discharged and the voltage reaches a certain value, continuing to discharge will cause over discharge. The discharge cutoff voltage is usually determined based on the discharge current. The discharge cutoff voltage is usually set at 1.0V/branch for 0.2C-2C discharge, and 0.8V/branch for 3C or above discharge, such as 5C or 10C discharge. Overdischarge of a battery may have catastrophic consequences, especially for high current or repeated discharge, which has a greater impact on the battery. Generally speaking, overdischarge can increase the internal pressure of the battery and damage the reversibility of positive and negative active substances. Even if charged, it can only partially recover, and the capacity will also have a significant decline.

64. What are the main reasons for the expansion of rechargeable batteries?

01) Poor battery protection circuit;
02) The battery has no protective function and causes cell expansion;
03) Poor charger performance, excessive charging current causing battery expansion;
04) The battery is continuously overcharged due to high magnification and high current;
05) The battery is forcibly discharged;
06) Problems with the design of the battery itself.

65. What is a battery explosion? How to prevent battery explosion?

Any solid substance in any part of the battery is instantly discharged and pushed to a distance of more than 25cm from the battery, which is called an explosion. The general methods of prevention include:
01) No charging or short circuit;
02) Use a good charging device for charging;
03) The ventilation hole of the battery must be kept unobstructed regularly;
04) Pay attention to heat dissipation when using batteries;
05) It is prohibited to mix different types of batteries, new and old.

66. What are the types of battery protection components and their respective advantages and disadvantages?

The following table compares the performance of several common battery protection components:

67. What is a portable battery?

Portable means easy to carry and use. Portable batteries are mainly used to provide electricity for portable and cordless devices. Larger models of batteries (such as 4 kilograms or more) are not considered portable batteries. The typical portable battery nowadays is about a few hundred grams.

The family of portable batteries includes primary batteries and rechargeable batteries (secondary batteries). Button batteries belong to a special group of them

68. What are the characteristics of rechargeable portable batteries?

Every battery is an energy converter. The stored Chemical energy can be directly converted into electric energy. For rechargeable batteries, this process can be described as follows: electric energy is converted into Chemical energy during charging → Chemical energy is converted into electric energy during discharging → electric energy is converted into Chemical energy during charging, and the secondary battery can cycle like this for more than 1000 times.

There are rechargeable portable batteries in different electrochemical types, including lead-acid type (2V/cell), nickel cadmium type (1.2V/cell), nickel hydrogen type (1.2V/cell), and lithium-ion battery (3.6V/cell). The typical characteristics of these batteries are relatively constant discharge voltage (with a voltage platform during discharge), and the voltage decays quickly at the beginning and end of discharge.

69. Can any charger be used for rechargeable portable batteries?

No, because any charger can only correspond to a specific charging process, and can only correspond to a specific electrochemical process, such as lithium ion, lead-acid or Ni MH batteries. They not only have different voltage characteristics, but also have different charging modes. Only specially developed fast chargers can achieve the most suitable charging effect for Ni-MH batteries. Slow chargers can be used in urgent needs, but require more time. It should be noted that although some chargers have qualified labels, special care should be taken when using them as chargers for batteries with different electrochemical systems. A qualified label only indicates that the device complies with European electrochemical standards or other national standards, and does not provide any information on what type of battery it is suitable for, Using a low-cost charger to charge Ni-MH batteries will not achieve satisfactory results, and there are also risks. For other types of battery chargers, this should also be noted.

70. Can rechargeable 1.2V portable batteries be used instead of 1.5V alkaline manganese batteries?

The voltage range of alkaline manganese batteries during discharge is between 1.5V and 0.9V, while the constant voltage of charged batteries during discharge is 1.2V/branch, which is roughly equal to the average voltage of alkaline manganese batteries. Therefore, it is feasible to replace alkaline manganese batteries with rechargeable batteries, and vice versa.

71.What are the advantages and disadvantages of rechargeable batteries?

The advantage of rechargeable batteries is their long service life. Even though they are more expensive than primary batteries, from a long-term use perspective, they are very economical and have a higher load capacity than most primary batteries. However, the discharge voltage of ordinary secondary batteries is basically constant, making it difficult to predict when the discharge will end, which can cause some inconvenience during use. However, lithium-ion batteries can provide camera devices with longer usage time, high load capacity, high energy density, and the decrease in discharge voltage weakens with the depth of discharge.

Ordinary secondary batteries have a high self-discharge rate, making them suitable for high current discharge applications such as digital cameras, toys, power tools, emergency lights, etc. They are not suitable for low current and long-term discharge situations such as remote controls, music doorbells, etc., nor are they suitable for places with long-term intermittent use such as flashlights. At present, the ideal battery is a lithium battery, which has almost all the advantages of a battery, with extremely low self discharge rate. The only drawback is that it has strict requirements for charging and discharging, which ensures its lifespan.

72. What are the advantages of Nickel–metal hydride battery? What are the advantages of lithium-ion batteries?

The advantages of Nickel–metal hydride battery are:
01) Low cost;
02) Good fast charging performance;
03) Long cycle life;
04) No memory effect;
05) Non polluting, green battery;
06) Wide temperature usage range;
07) Good safety performance.

The advantages of lithium-ion batteries are:
01) High energy density;
02) High working voltage;
03) No memory effect;
04) Long cycle life;
05) No pollution;
06) Lightweight;
07) Low self discharge.

73. What are the advantages of Lithium iron phosphate battery? What are the advantages of batteries?

The main application direction of Lithium iron phosphate battery is power battery, and its advantages are mainly reflected in the following aspects:
01) Ultra long service life;
02) Use safety;
03) Capable of fast charging and discharging with high current;
04) High temperature resistance;
05) Large capacity;
06) No memory effect;
07) Small size and light weight;
08) Green and environmentally friendly.

74. What are the advantages of lithium polymer batteries? What are the advantages?

01) There is no battery leakage problem, and the battery does not contain liquid electrolyte inside, using colloidal solids;
02) Can be made into a thin battery: with a capacity of 3.6V and 400mAh, its thickness can be as thin as 0.5mm;
03) Batteries can be designed into various shapes;
04) Battery can bend and deform: Polymer batteries can bend up to around 900 degrees;
05) Can be made into a single high voltage: liquid electrolyte batteries can only be connected in series with several batteries to obtain high voltage, polymer batteries;
06) Due to its lack of liquid, it can be made into multi-layer combinations within a single crystal to achieve high voltage;
07) The capacity will be twice that of lithium-ion batteries of the same size.

75. What is the principle of a charger? What are the main categories?

A charger is a static converter device that uses power electronic semiconductor devices to convert AC power with fixed voltage and frequency into DC power. There are many chargers, such as Lead–acid battery charger, valve regulated sealed Lead–acid battery test and monitoring, Nickel–cadmium battery charger, Nickel–metal hydride battery charger, lithium ion battery charger, portable electronic equipment lithium ion battery charger, lithium ion battery protection circuit multi-function charger, electric vehicle battery charger, etc.

Battery Types and Application Fields

76. How to classify batteries

Chemical batteries:
——Primary batteries - Dry cell, alkaline manganese batteries, lithium batteries, activation batteries, zinc mercury batteries, cadmium mercury batteries, zinc air batteries, zinc silver batteries and solid electrolyte batteries (silver iodine batteries).
——Secondary batteries lead acid batteries, Nickel–cadmium battery, Nickel–metal hydride battery, Li ion batteries and sodium sulfur batteries.
——Other batteries - fuel cell batteries, air batteries, Paper battery, light batteries, nano batteries, etc
Physical battery: - Solar cell

77. What batteries will dominate the battery market?

With cameras, mobile phones, Cordless telephone, laptops and other multimedia devices with images or sounds playing an increasingly important role in household appliances, compared with primary batteries, secondary batteries are also widely used in these fields. And rechargeable batteries will develop towards small size, light weight, high capacity, and intelligence.

78. What is an intelligent secondary battery?

A chip is installed in the smart battery, which not only provides power for the device, but also controls its main functions. This type of battery can also display the residual capacity, the number of cycles, temperature, etc. However, there is no smart battery on the market at present, and it will occupy a major position in the market in the future - especially in camcorders, Cordless telephone, mobile phones, and laptops.

79. What is a Paper battery What is an intelligent secondary battery?

Paper battery is a new type of battery, and its components also include electrode, electrolyte and isolation membrane. Specifically, this new type of Paper battery is composed of cellulose paper embedded with electrodes and electrolyte, in which the cellulose paper acts as an insulator. The electrodes are carbon nanotubes added to cellulose and metal lithium covered on a thin film made of cellulose; The electrolyte is Lithium hexafluorophosphate solution. This type of battery is foldable and only as thick as paper. The researchers believe that this Paper battery will become a new type of energy storage device because of its many performances.

80. What is a photocell?

Photocell is a semiconductor component that generates electromotive force under the illumination of light. There are many kinds of photocells, including selenium photocells, silicon photocells, thallium sulfide photocells, silver sulfide photocells, etc. Mainly used in instrumentation, automation telemetry, and remote control. Some photovoltaic cells can directly convert solar energy into electrical energy, which is also known as solar cells.

81. What is a solar cell? What are the advantages of solar cells?

Solar cells are devices that convert light energy (mainly sunlight) into electrical energy. The principle is the Photovoltaic effect, that is, according to the built-in electric field of the PN junction, the photogenerated carriers are separated to the two sides of the junction to generate photovoltage, and connected to the external circuit to obtain power output. The power of solar cells is related to the intensity of light, and the stronger the light, the stronger the power output.

The solar system has the advantages of easy installation, easy expansion, and easy disassembly. Simultaneously using solar energy is also very cost-effective, and there is no energy consumption during the operation process. In addition, this system is resistant to mechanical wear and tear; A solar system requires reliable solar cells to receive and store solar energy. General solar cells have the following advantages:
01) High charge absorption capacity;
02) Long cycle life;
03) Good rechargeability;
04) No maintenance required.

82. What is a fuel cell? How to classify? What?

Fuel cell is an electrochemical system that directly converts Chemical energy into electrical energy.

The most common classification method is based on the type of electrolyte. According to this, fuel cells can be divided into Alkaline fuel cell, generally using potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte; Phosphoric acid fuel cell, using concentrated phosphoric acid as electrolyte; The Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell uses perfluorinated or partially fluorinated sulfonic acid Proton-exchange membrane as electrolyte; Molten carbonate fuel cells use molten lithium potassium carbonate or lithium sodium carbonate as electrolytes; Solid oxide fuel cell uses solid oxide as oxygen ion conductor, such as Yttrium(III) oxide stabilized zirconia film as electrolyte. Sometimes, batteries are also classified according to the cell temperature, which is divided into low-temperature (operating temperature below 100 ℃) fuel cells, including Alkaline fuel cell and Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell; Intermediate temperature fuel cell (operating temperature 100-300 ℃), including bacon type Alkaline fuel cell and phosphoric acid type fuel cell; High temperature fuel cells (operating temperature between 600-1000 ℃), including molten carbonate fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cells.

83. Why does fuel cell have great development potential?

In the past decade or two, the United States has paid special attention to the development of fuel cells, while Japan has vigorously pursued technological development based on the introduction of American technology. The reason why fuel cells have attracted the attention of some developed countries is mainly because they have the following advantages:

01) High efficiency. Since the Chemical energy of the fuel is directly converted into electrical energy without thermal energy conversion, the conversion efficiency is not limited by the thermodynamic Carnot cycle; Due to the lack of conversion of mechanical energy, mechanical transmission losses can be avoided, and the conversion efficiency does not vary depending on the size of the power generation, so fuel cells have high conversion efficiency;
02) Low noise and low pollution. In the process of converting Chemical energy into electric energy, the fuel cell has no mechanical moving parts, but the control system has some small moving parts, so it is low-noise. In addition, fuel cells are also a low-polluting energy source. Taking phosphoric acid fuel cells as an example, their emissions of sulfur oxides and nitrides are two orders of magnitude lower than the US standard;
03) Strong adaptability. Fuel cells can use all kinds of Hydrogen fuel, such as methane, methanol, ethanol, biogas, petroleum gas, natural gas and synthetic gas, while oxidants are inexhaustible air. Fuel cells can be made into standard components with a certain power (such as 40 kilowatts), assembled into different power and types according to user needs, and installed in the most convenient place for users. If necessary, it can also be installed as a large power plant and used in parallel with the conventional power supply system, which will help regulate the power load;
04) Short construction cycle and easy maintenance. After the industrial production of fuel cells, various standard components of power generation devices can be continuously produced in factories. It is easy to transport and can also be assembled on site at the power station. It is estimated that the maintenance amount of 40 kW phosphoric acid fuel cell is only 25% of that of the same power Diesel generator.
Due to the many advantages of fuel cells, both the United States and Japan attach great importance to their development.

84. What is a nanobattery?

Nanometer refers to 10-9 meters, and nano batteries are batteries made of nanomaterials such as nano MnO2, LiMn2O4, Ni (OH) 2, etc. Nanomaterials have special microstructures and physicochemical properties (such as quantum size effects, surface effects, and tunnel quantum effects). At present, the mature nano battery technology in China is nano activated carbon fiber battery. Mainly used in electric vehicles, electric motorcycles, and electric mopeds. This type of battery can be charged and cycled 1000 times, continuously used for about 10 years. It only takes about 20 minutes to charge at a time. The average journey is 400 km and the weight is 128 kg, which has surpassed the level of battery cars in the United States, Japan and other countries. The Nickel–metal hydride battery produced by them takes about 6-8 hours to charge, and the average journey is 300 km.

85. What is a plastic lithium-ion battery?

The current term for plastic lithium-ion batteries refers to the use of ion conductive polymers as electrolytes, which can be either dry or colloidal.

86. Which devices are best used for rechargeable batteries?

Rechargeable batteries are particularly suitable for electric equipment requiring relatively high energy supply or equipment requiring high current discharge, such as portable players, CD player, small radios, electronic games, electric toys, household appliances, professional cameras, mobile phones, Cordless telephone, laptops and other equipment requiring high energy. It is best not to use rechargeable batteries for devices that are not commonly used, as rechargeable batteries have a high self discharge capacity. However, if the device requires high current discharge, rechargeable batteries must be used. Generally, users should follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer to choose a suitable battery for the device.

87. What are the voltage and usage areas of different types of batteries?

88. What are the types of rechargeable batteries? Which devices are suitable for each?

89. What types of batteries are used on emergency lights?

01) Sealed Nickel–metal hydride battery;
02) Adjustable valve lead-acid battery;
03) Other types of batteries can also be used if they comply with the corresponding safety and performance standards of IEC 60598 (2000) (emergency light part) standard (emergency light part).

90. What is the service life of the rechargeable battery for Cordless telephone?

Under normal usage, the service life is 2-3 years or longer. When the following situations occur, the battery needs to be replaced:
01) After charging, the call time becomes shorter every time;
02) The call signal is not clear enough, the reception effect is blurry, and the noise is loud;
03) The distance between the Cordless telephone and the base needs to be closer and closer, that is, the use range of the Cordless telephone is getting narrower and narrower.

91. What type of battery can be used for remote control devices?

The remote control device can only be used by ensuring that the battery is in its fixed position. Different types of zinc carbon batteries can be used for different remote control devices. They can be identified through IEC standard indications, typically using AAA, AA, and 9V large batteries. Using alkaline batteries is also a good choice, as this type of battery can provide twice the working time of zinc carbon batteries. They can also be identified through IEC standards (LR03, LR6, 6LR61). However, because the remote control device only requires a small amount of current, zinc carbon batteries are more economical to use.

Rechargeable secondary batteries can also be used in principle, but when used in remote control devices, due to the high self discharge rate of secondary batteries, which require repeated charging, this type of battery is not very practical.

92. What types of battery products are there? Which application areas are suitable for each?

The application fields of Nickel–metal hydride battery include but are not limited to:

The application fields of lithium-ion batteries include but are not limited to:

Battery and Environment

93. What is the impact of batteries on the environment?

Nowadays, almost all Almost all do not contain mercury, but heavy metals are still an essential part of mercury batteries, rechargeable Nickel–cadmium battery, and lead-acid batteries. If disposed of improperly and in large quantities, these heavy metals will have harmful effects on the environment. Currently, there are specialized institutions internationally to recycle manganese oxide, nickel cadmium, and lead-acid batteries. For example: non-profit organization RBRC Company.

94. What is the impact of environmental temperature on battery performance?

Among all environmental factors, temperature has the greatest impact on the charging and discharging performance of batteries. The electrochemical reaction at the electrode/electrolyte interface is related to environmental temperature, and the electrode/electrolyte interface is considered the heart of the battery. If the temperature drops, the reaction rate of the electrode also decreases. Assuming the battery voltage remains constant and the discharge current decreases, the power output of the battery will also decrease. If the temperature rises, the opposite is true, meaning that the battery output power will increase. The temperature also affects the transmission speed of the electrolyte. When the temperature rises, the transmission will be accelerated; when the temperature drops, the transmission will be slowed down, and the battery charging and discharging performance will also be affected. However, if the temperature is too high, exceeding 45 ℃, the Chemical equilibrium in the battery will be destroyed, leading to side reactions.

95. What is a green and environmentally friendly battery?

Green and environmentally friendly batteries refer to a type of high-performance, pollution-free battery that has been put into use or is being developed in recent years. At present, nickel metal hydride batteries and lithium-ion batteries that have been widely used, mercury free alkaline zinc manganese Primary battery and rechargeable batteries that are being promoted, and lithium or lithium-ion plastic batteries and fuel cells that are being developed and developed all belong to this category. In addition, solar cells (also known as photovoltaic power generation) that have been widely used and utilize solar energy for photoelectric conversion can also be included in this category.

96. What are the "green batteries" currently being used and studied?

New green and environmentally friendly batteries refer to a type of high-performance, pollution-free battery that has been put into use or is being developed in recent years. Lithium ion batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries, mercury free alkaline zinc manganese batteries being popularized and lithium or lithium ion plastic batteries, combustion batteries, and electrochemical energy storage supercapacitors being developed are all new green batteries. In addition, solar cells that utilize solar energy for photoelectric conversion are currently widely used.

97. What are the main hazards of waste batteries?

Waste batteries, which are harmful to human health and ecological environment and listed in the hazardous waste control list, mainly include: mercury containing batteries, mainly Mercury(II) oxide batteries; Lead–acid battery: cadmium containing battery, mainly Nickel–cadmium battery. Due to the indiscriminate disposal of discarded batteries, they can pollute soil, water, and cause harm to human health by consuming vegetables, fish, and other edible materials.

98. What are the ways in which waste batteries pollute the environment?

The components of these batteries are sealed inside the battery casing during use and will not have any impact on the environment. But after long-term mechanical wear and corrosion, heavy metals, acids, and alkalis inside can leak out and enter the soil or water source, which will enter the human food chain through various routes. The entire process is summarized as follows: soil or water source - microorganisms - animals - circulating dust - crops - food - human body - nerves - deposition and disease. Heavy metals ingested from the environment by other water plant food digestive organisms can be accumulated in thousands of higher organisms step by step through the Biomagnification of the food chain, and then enter the human body through food, causing chronic poisoning in some organs.